All 17 species of penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere. See species appendix for information on distribution for each species. Penguins are found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere. Penguin species are found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere. They are abundant on many temperate and subantarctic islands. Different species thrive in varying climates, ranging from Galapagos penguins on tropical islands at the equator to emperor penguins restricted to the pack ice of Antarctica (Sparks and Soper, 1987). The seasonal changes of the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere. While continents above the equator experience spring and summer, the areas below the equator experience fall and winter.